A.   Definition, clinical characteristics, causes and prevalence of enamel discolorations

• Whitish enamel discolorations

• Dental fluorosis

• Hypo-mineralization and Molar-incisor hypo-mineralization (MIH)

• Enamel white spot-like lesions

• Demineralization

B.    Optical properties of enamel white lesion and esthetic complications

• Spectroscopic Properties (Raman)

• Optical Coherence Tomography

• Hyperspectral Imaging

C.    Management and treatment options for enamel discolorations

• Bleaching

• Microabrasion

• Resin Infiltration

• Removal and Restoration

D.   Summary

A.   What is RI?

B.    Mechanisms of Action

• Surface Morphology of Enamel

• Preparation of Enamel

1. Etching

2. Air Abrasion

3. Micro-abrasion

•  Bleaching prior to RI

C.    Key specific definitions related to esthetic outcome

• Refractory Index

D.   Why is it important?

E.    What is the component of the resin infiltration? How RI is performed, what are the steps in the treatment with RI.

F.    Summary

A.   Esthetic outcome

B.    Compare RI used in combination with micro-abrasion and/or bleaching to improve esthetics of discolored enamel.

C.    Summary

A.   Modifications in the RI clinical protocol to improve esthetic outcome when managing enamel discolorations.

B.    Possible effects on the pulp tissue’s vitality of a modified RI protocol.

• Safety of TEGMA.

C.    Summary

A.   Compare pulp cell MDPC-23 (immortalized odontoblast-like cells derived from fetal mouse molar papillae) and HDPCs (primary culture of human dental pulp cells).

B.    Why bovine teeth?

• Sample thickness to corelate with human tooth structure.

• How are discs made?

C.   Summary